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Macroinvertebrates
Hexapoda
EOL Text
Dominating the biological spectrum with nearly a million known species, members of Insecta may represent as much as 90% of multicellular life on Earth. Though the incredible diversity of insects overwhelms any attempt at inclusive summarization, adult members of this class can be identified by the following characteristics: three pairs of legs; a segmented body including a head, thorax, and abdomen; and one pair of antennae. Most insects also have compound eyes, a trait exclusive to the phylum Arthropoda to which the class Insecta belongs. Additionally, insects are the only known invertebrates capable of flight, and many species are equipped with one or two pairs of wings. A dizzying array of adaptations, from social behaviors and complex communication to metamorphic cycles and camouflaging mimicry, allow insects to inhabit nearly all environments and persist as one of the most integral aspects of their various ecosystems.
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insect&oldid=460845384 |
Sensilla detect strain and load changes: insects
The exoskeleton of insects detects strain and load via sensilla organs.
"In their rigid state exoskeletons are stiff laminated composite structures made of chitin fibres embedded in a highly crossed matrix. The exoskeleton acts as a detector of displacement, strain or load via special organs called sensilla, which are partly intergraded into local sections of exoskeleton. These organs amplify the information for the main detector organ, which is connected to the nerve stem. The local information obtained is used to modify the exoskeleton by changing thickness, stiffness and fibre orientation depending on the situation." (The University of Bath 2008)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- The University of Bath, U K. 2008. Biomimetics: Copying ideas from nature into engineering.
http://people.bath.ac.uk/en2pdd/Pete%20Site/biomimetic-report.htm.
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Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/d33a4b57f6b29575ccf3214bd7a82e9f |
Mouthparts manipulate food: insects
The mouthparts of insects hold food steady during mastication with accessory jaw-like structures, called maxillae.
"Behind the mandibles is another pair of jaw-like structures, the maxillae. These may be simple in shape but often they bear soft lip-like appendages, and projections like tiny antennae, called palps. These bear many sensilla…sensitive cells for tasting, smelling, and touching the food. The maxillae are not usually designed for cutting or chewing food, but they may be used to hold it steady and pass it forwards through the chopping mandibles." (Foy and Oxford Scientific Films 1982:159)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Foy, Sally; Oxford Scientific Films. 1982. The Grand Design: Form and Colour in Animals. Lingfield, Surrey, U.K.: BLA Publishing Limited for J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd, Aldine House, London. 238 p.
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Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/26af832bceebbd93e52b77015acf8b48 |
Common and diverse Sexual Dimorphism; can be pronounced; females usually larger than males but the reverse occurs; Sexual Dimorphism also in color and in shape and size of body segments, genitalia and appendages; male appendages often specialized for detecting pheromones, sexual signals, sperm transport or
grasping females; females often with specialized ovipositors.
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Rights holder/Author | Fairbairn, 2013 |
Source | http://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.n48cm |
Wings work in unison: insects
Insects with two pairs of wings have them work in unison by attaching the wings in various ways, with hooks, folds, or catches.
"[I]n those insects with two pairs of fully operative wings, both are commonly linked together so that they work in unison. Linking devices vary widely. In butterflies and some moths, the upper and lower wings perform as one because of an overlapping fold on the hind edge of the forewing, which thus pushes the hindwing with it on the down stroke. In others there is a more elaborate coupling device consisting of a spine, or frenulum, on one wing which is held by a catch or a group of bristles (retinaculum) on the other. Bees and wasps have an even more elaborate series of hooks and catches on their wing margins." (Wootton 1984:36)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Wootton, A. 1984. Insects of the World. Blandford. 224 p.
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Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/0e4068b3de8861f76d97c87ca504f57a |
Animal / pathogen
Aspergillus flavus infects Insecta
Animal / pathogen
Aspergillus fumigatus infects Insecta
Animal / pathogen
Aspergillus niger infects Insecta
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / carrion / dead animal feeder
Asterophlyctis sarcoptoides feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva of Insecta
Fungus / infection vector
Basidiobolus ranarum is spread by Insecta
Animal / pathogen
colony of Beauveria bassiana infects Insecta
Animal / predator
Blepharidopterus angulatus is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Campylomma verbasci is predator of Insecta
Animal / carrion / dead animal feeder
Chytriomyces nodulatus feeds on dead dead, shed, submerged exuvia of larva of Insecta
Animal / predator
adult of Compsidolon salicellus is predator of Insecta
Remarks: season: (7)8-9(10)
Animal / pathogen
Conidiobolus coronatus infects Insecta
Animal / pathogen
Conidiobolus osmodes infects Insecta
Animal / pathogen
Conidiobolus thromboides infects Insecta
Animal / predator
adult of Deraeocoris lutescens is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Deraeocoris olivaceus is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Deraeocoris ruber is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
leaf (sticky hairs) of Drosera is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus is predator of egg of Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Eurydema oleracea is predator of egg of Insecta
Animal / pathogen
Furia americana infects adult of Insecta
Animal / parasite / endoparasite
cyst of Haplometra cylindracea endoparasitises body cavity of larva of Insecta
Animal / parasite / endoparasite
larva of Hymenolepis diminuta endoparasitises adult of Insecta
Plant / pollenated
Insecta pollenates or fertilises flower of Epipactis palustris
Plant / pollenated
adult of Insecta pollenates or fertilises flower of
Animal / predator
Lyctocoris campestris is predator of Insecta
Other: major host/prey
Animal / predator
Orthotylus marginalis is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
adult of Phylus coryli is predator of Insecta
Remarks: season: end 6-mid 8
Animal / predator
adult of Phylus melanocephalus is predator of Insecta
Remarks: season: early 6-early 8
Animal / predator
leaf of Pinguicula is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
Podops inuncta is predator of larva of Insecta
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Animal / associate
synnematum of Polycephalomyces anamorph of Polycephalomyces ramosus is associated with Insecta
Animal / predator
nymph of Psallus ambiguus is predator of Insecta
Remarks: season: 5
Animal / predator
nymph of Psallus betuleti is predator of Insecta
Remarks: season: late 4-mid 6
Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Ravinia pernix is endoparasitoid of Insecta
Animal / carrion / dead animal feeder
Rhizoclosmatium globosum feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva of Insecta
Animal / parasite
larva of Sarcophaga melanura parasitises Insecta
Other: minor host/prey
Animal / predator
pitcher of Sarraceniaceae is predator of Insecta
Animal / carrion / dead animal feeder
Siphonaria variabilis feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva of Insecta
Animal / predator
imago of Tenthredinidae is predator of Insecta
Animal / predator
bladder of Utricularia australis is predator of larva of Insecta
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Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Insecta.htm |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:3398024
Specimens with Sequences:2821297
Specimens with Barcodes:2598134
Species:200705
Species With Barcodes:174265
Public Records:2505270
Public Species:80240
Public BINs:269317
Insecta is prey of:
Actinopterygii
Ardeidae
Anas
Rallus
Anseriformes
Charadriiformes
Passeriformes
Scincidae
Egretta
Gekkonidae
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
Araneae
Bartramia longicauda
Sturnella neglecta
Pooecetes gramineus
Spizella passerina
Spizella pallida
Eremophila alpestris
Corvus
Anura
Thamnophis
Dendroica petechia
Geothlypis trichas
Melospiza melodia
Rana pipiens
Empidonax minimus
Vireo gilvus
Icterus galbula
Pheucticus ludovicianus
Catharus fuscescens
Poecile atricapillus
Troglodytes aedon
Pipilo
Dumetella carolinensis
Toxostoma rufum
Vireo olivaceus
Carduelis tristis
Turdus migratorius
Agelaius phoeniceus
Quiscalus quiscula
Arvicolinae
Sciurognathi
Paridae
Abax
Philanthus
Soricidae
Alestes imberi
Barilius microcephalus
Barbus
Clarias gariepinus
Gerridae
Haplochromis kiwinge
Bathyclarias worthingtoni
Haplochromis euchilus
Varicorhinus nyasensis
Haplochromis johnstoni
Haplochromis dimidiatus
Synodontis zambesensis
Aves
Mammalia
Pteropodidae
insectivorous
carnivorous
Chiroptera
Gambusia
Sialia
Junco hyemalis
Gomphus
Alburnus alburnus
zoobenthos
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus alpinus
salakka
Insecta
Hirundinidae
Stercorarius longicaudus
Stercorarius parasiticus
Marcusenios macrolepidotus
Mormyrus longirostris
Haplochromis darlingi
Tilapia rendalli
Hydrocynus vittatus
Brachystosternus
Tropidurus
Chordeiles
Geositta
Melaniris chagresi
Characinidae
Poeciliidae
bleak
Geococcyx californianus
Misumenops
Megaselia
Nepenthosyrphus
Endonepenthia
Peirretia
Tripteroides
protozoa
bacteria
Xenoplatyura
Megasalia
Xylota
Nepenthomyia
Uranotaenia
Misumenops nepenthicola
Endonepenthia schuitemakeri
Tripteroides tenax
Tripteroides bambusa
Pierretia urceola
bacteria/protozoa
Xenoplatyura beaveri
Uranotaenia moultoni
Tripteroides nepenthis
Nepenthomyia malayana
Megaselia deningi
Tripteroides dofleini
Uranotaenia nivipleura
Theridion
Chloropidae
Uranotaenia belkini
Uranotaenia bosseri
Uranotaenia brunhesi
Uranotaenia damasei
Uranotaenia nepenthes
Blaesoxipha fletcheri
Metriocnemus knabi
Bdellodes
Armigeres magnus
Zwickia
Barbus paludinosus
Rhinichthys atratulus
Semotilus atromaculatus
Coccinella septempunctata
Lepisosteus osseus
Lepisosteus platostomus
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Salvelinus confluentus
Pseudodoras niger
Lates niloticus
Lepomis megalotis
Etheostoma caeruleum
Rana okaloosae
Bufo americanus
Bufo marinus
Dendrobates auratus
Ambystoma annulatum
Anolis equestris
Basiliscus vittatus
Cyclura cornuta
Agkistrodon piscivorus
Struthio camelus
Gavia immer
Gavia stellata
Podilymbus podiceps
Butorides virescens
Egretta thula
Egretta tricolor
Mycteria americana
Eudocimus ruber
Cygnus olor
Chen caerulescens
Anas fulvigula
Anas strepera
Anas cyanoptera
Anas americana
Aix sponsa
Aythya americana
Buteo lineatus
Falco biarmicus
Colinus virginianus
Callipepla californica
Callipepla gambelii
Cyrtonyx montezumae
Alectoris chukar
Coturnix chinensis
Coturnix coromandelica
Coturnix delegorguei
Coturnix pectoralis
Perdicula asiatica
Crossoptilon mantchuricum
Grus japonensis
Gallinula chloropus
Actitis macularia
Recurvirostra americana
Larus californicus
Larus canus
Gallicolumba luzonica
Cuculus canorus
Otus asio
Otus trichopsis
Micrathene whitneyi
Strix varia
Chordeiles minor
Chaetura pelagica
Selasphorus platycercus
Lampornis clemenciae
Amazilia tzacatl
Tyrannus melancholicus
Tyrannus forficatus
Pyrocephalus rubinus
Progne dominicensis
Bombycilla cedrorum
Mimus polyglottos
Auriparus flaviceps
Sitta canadensis
Sitta pygmaea
Certhia americana
Dendroica magnolia
Dendroica palmarum
Wilsonia citrina
Amphispiza bilineata
Passerella iliaca
Plectrophenax nivalis
Sturnus vulgaris
Aphelocoma ultramarina
Corvus corax
Corvus caurinus
Nucifraga columbiana
Catharus guttatus
Polioptila melanura
Sorex dispar
Sorex gaspensis
Sorex merriami
Suncus murinus
Neurotrichus gibbsii
Parascalops breweri
Myotis auriculus
Myotis austroriparius
Myotis grisescens
Lasiurus seminolus
Nycticeius humeralis
Pipistrellus hesperus
Choeronycteris mexicana
Macrotus californicus
Eumops glaucinus
Eumops perotis
Marmota broweri
Spermophilus beecheyi
Spermophilus brunneus
Spermophilus lateralis
Glaucomys sabrinus
Glaucomys volans
Sciurus niger
Sciurus carolinensis
Ammospermophilus interpres
Ammospermophilus leucurus
Tamias dorsalis
Tamias merriami
Tamias quadrivittatus
Dipodomys californicus
Dipodomys compactus
Perognathus fasciatus
Peromyscus gossypinus
Peromyscus boylii
Peromyscus truei
Clethrionomys californicus
Microtus longicaudus
Reithrodontomys megalotis
Reithrodontomys montanus
Reithrodontomys raviventris
Sigmodon arizonae
Sigmodon fulviventer
Rattus exulans
Onychomys arenicola
Zapus hudsonius
Ursus arctos
Lontra canadensis
Bassariscus astutus
Nasua nasua
Cerdocyon thous
Otocyon megalotis
Cephalophus niger
Alligator mississippiensis
Paleosuchus trigonatus
Chaetodipus formosus
Chaetodipus nelsoni
Chaetodipus penicillatus
Chaetodipus baileyi
Didelphis albiventris
Didelphis marsupialis
Metachirus nudicaudatus
Antechinus swainsonii
Dasycercus cristicauda
Dasyurus maculatus
Planigale tenuirostris
Trichosurus caninus
Dendrolagus matschiei
Coturnix coturnix
Coturnix adansonii
Falcipennis canadensis
Cygnus atratus
Alopochen aegyptiacus
Ortyxelos meiffrenii
Ardea alba
Asturina nitida
Ictinia mississippiensis
Cacatua alba
Mellisuga helenae
Otus kennicottii
Ciccaba nigrolineata
Pulsatrix perspicillata
Legatus leucophaius
Microcebus rufus
Eulemur rubriventer
Arctocebus calabarensis
Euoticus elegantulus
Galago alleni
Saguinus bicolor
Saguinus nigricollis
Callicebus personatus
Cebus olivaceus
Saimiri oerstedii
Lophocebus albigena
Papio hamadryas
Colobus angolensis
Nasalis larvatus
Hylobates klossii
Anathana ellioti
Georychus capensis
Elephantulus myurus
Macroscelides proboscideus
Manis javanica
Manis temminckii
Dryomys nitedula
Eliomys quercinus
Muscardinus avellanarius
Hydromys chrysogaster
Notomys alexis
Pseudomys higginsi
Heloderma horridum
Ambystoma mexicanum
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Helarctos malayanus
Melursus ursinus
Tremarctos ornatus
Pseudalopex griseus
Pseudalopex vetulus
Vulpes cana
Vulpes chama
Galidia elegans
Galidictis grandidieri
Mungotictis decemlineata
Bdeogale nigripes
Crossarchus obscurus
Dologale dybowskii
Herpestes edwardsii
Herpestes ichneumon
Suricata suricatta
Arctonyx collaris
Melogale everetti
Melogale moschata
Melogale personata
Mydaus marchei
Conepatus chinga
Conepatus semistriatus
Galictis cuja
Ictonyx striatus
Martes melampus
Mustela altaica
Mustela putorius
Mustela sibirica
Bassaricyon gabbii
Chrotogale owstoni
Paguma larvata
Prionodon pardicolor
Sus celebensis
Callosciurus erythraeus
Callosciurus prevostii
Marmota camtschatica
Ratufa indica
Rhinosciurus laticaudatus
Spermophilus annulatus
Sundasciurus hippurus
Petaurista elegans
Pteromys momonga
Dendromus mystacalis
Hypogeomys antimena
Arvicola terrestris
Gerbillus cheesmani
Meriones crassus
Pachyuromys duprasi
Tatera indica
Akodon cursor
Neotomodon alstoni
Peromyscus aztecus
Chaetophractus villosus
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Solenodon cubanus
Solenodon paradoxus
Limnogale mergulus
Potamogale velox
Hemiechinus aethiopicus
Crocidura leucodon
Nectogale elegans
Myotis myotis
Myotis mystacinus
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Plecotus rafinesquii
Miniopterus australis
Eumops dabbenei
Nyctinomops laticaudatus
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Hipposideros diadema
Balionycteris maculata
Nyctimene albiventer
Cardioderma cor
Lavia frons
Macroderma gigas
Megaderma lyra
Vampyrum spectrum
Glossophaga commissarisi
Musonycteris harrisoni
Natalus lepidus
Amorphochilus schnablii
Furipterus horrens
Thyroptera tricolor
Prionailurus iriomotensis
Argiope aurantia
Myotis septentrionalis
Canis lupus familiaris
Papio anubis
Papio cynocephalus
Papio papio
Papio ursinus
Based on studies in:
USA: California (Marine)
Polynesia (Reef)
Canada: Manitoba (Forest)
Malawi, Lake Nyasa (Lake or pond)
Mexico: Guerrero (Coastal)
USA: Iowa, Mississippi River (River)
Malaysia (Swamp)
USA: Massachusetts, Cape Ann (Marine)
England, River Thames (River)
USA: Florida, Everglades (Estuarine)
USA: Florida, South Florida (Swamp)
Panama, Gatun Lake (Lake or pond)
Peru (Coastal)
England: Oxfordshire, Wytham Wood (Forest)
USA: Arizona (Forest, Montane)
Malawi (River)
Africa, Crocodile Creek, Lake Nyasa (Lake or pond)
Africa, Lake McIlwaine (Lake or pond)
Austria, Hafner Lake (Lake or pond)
Austria, Vorderer Finstertaler Lake (Lake or pond)
Finland (Lake or pond, Littoral)
Russia (Tundra)
unknown (Temporary pool)
Malaysia, W. Malaysia (Plant substrate)
Sri Lanka (Plant substrate)
Madagascar (Plant substrate)
Seychelles (Plant substrate)
USA: NE USA (Plant substrate)
Hong Kong (Plant substrate)
USA: Kentucky, Station 1 (River)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- G. Fryer, The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa, Proc. London Zool. Soc. 132:153-229, from p. 219 (1959).
- G. Fryer, The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa, Proc. London Zool. Soc. 132:153-281, from p. 218 (1959).
- A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico.
- L. D. Harris and G. B. Bowman, Vertebrate predator subsystem. In: Grasslands, Systems Analysis and Man, A. I. Breymeyer and G. M. Van Dyne, Eds. (International Biological Programme Series, no. 19, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1980), pp. 591-
- A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico. Cent. Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mex. Publ. Espec. 2:1-306 (1978).
- D. I. Rasmussen, Biotic communities of Kaibab Plateau, Arizona, Ecol. Monogr. 11(3):228-275, from p. 261 (1941).
- C. A. Carlson, Summer bottom fauna of the Mississippi River, above Dam 19, Keokuk, Iowa, Ecology 49(1):162-168, from p. 167 (1968).
- T. Mizuno and J. I. Furtado, Food chain. In: Tasek Bera, J. I. Furtado and S. Mori, Eds. (Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, 1982), pp. 357-359, from p. 358.
- R. W. Dexter, The marine communities of a tidal inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: a study in bio-ecology, Ecol. Monogr. 17:263-294, from p. 287 (1947).
- R. W. Dexter, The marine communities of a tidal inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: a study in bio-ecology, Ecol. Monogr. 17:263-294, from p. 288 (1947).
- B. E. Marshall, The fish of Lake McIlwaine. In Lake McIlwaine: the eutrophication and recovery of a tropical man-made lake (J. A. Thornton, Ed.) Vol 49 Monographia Biologicae, D. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 156-188, from p. 180 (1982).
- H. W. Koepcke and M. Koepcke, Sobre el proceso de transformacion de la materia organica en las playas arenosas marinas del Peru. Publ. Univ. Nac. Mayer San Marcos, Zoologie Serie A, No. 8, from p. 24 (1952).
- S. H. Hurlbert, M. S. Mulla, and H. R. Willson, Effects of an organophosphorus insecticide on the phytoplankton, zooplankton, and insect populations of freshwater ponds, Ecol. Monog. 42(1):269-299, from p. 293 (1972).
- K. H. Mann, Case history: The River Thames. In: River Ecology and Man (R. T. Oglesby, C. A. Carlson, J. A. McCann, Eds.), Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 215-232 (1972), from p. 224.
- R. A. Beaver, Fauna and food webs of pitcher plants in West Malaysia, The Malayan Nature Journal 33(1):1-10, from p. 8 (1979).
- W. E. Odum and E. J. Heald, The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community, In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, Biology and the Estuarine System, Academic Press, New York, pp. 265-286, from p. 281 (1975).
- R. A. Beaver, 1985. Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants. Ecol. Entomol. 10:241-248, from p. 243.
- R. A. Beaver, 1985. Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants. Ecol. Entomol. 10:241-248, from p. 242.
- W. E. Bradshaw, 1983. Interactions between the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii, the midge Metriocnemus knabi, and their carnivorous host Sarracenia purpurea. In: Phytotelmata: Terrestrial Plants as Hosts for Aquatic Insect Communities, J. H. Frank and L. P.
- B. Corker, 1984. The ecology of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes mirabilis, andits associated fauna in Hong Kong. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hong Kong. Prior number: K. Schoenly and R. A. Beaver (1988) 3
- G. Fryer, 1957. The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa with special reference to the fishes, and a discussion of the evolution of a group of rock-frequenting Cichlidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 132:153-281, f
- G. W. Minshall, 1967. Role of allochthonous detritus in the trophic structure of a woodland springbrook community. Ecology 48:139-149, from pp. 145, 148.
- F. Schiemer, M. Bobek, P. Gludovatz, A. Ioschenkohl, I. Zweimuller and M. Martinetz, Trophische Interaktionen im Pelagial des Hafnersees, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1:191-209 (1982).
- G. C. Varley, The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. In: Animal Populations in Relation to Their Food Resources, A. Watson, Ed. (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, England, 1970), pp. 389-401, from p. 389.
- J. L. Harrison, The distribution of feeding habits among animals in a tropical rain forest, J. Anim. Ecol. 31:53-63, from p. 61 (1962).
- W. A. Niering, Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands, Ecol. Monogr. 33(2):131-160, from p. 157 (1963).
- R. F. Johnston, Predation by short-eared owls on a Salicornia salt marsh, Wilson Bull. 68(2):91-102, from p. 99 (1956).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 410 (1930).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 393 (1930).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 406 (1930).
- G. Fryer, The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa, Proc. London Zool. Soc. 132:153-281, from p. 217 (1959).
- T. M. Zaret and R. T. Paine, Species introduction in a tropical lake, Science 182:449-455 (1973), from p. 452.
- R. Pechlaner, G. Bretschko, P. Gollmann, H. Pfeifer, M. Tilzer and H. P. Weissenbach, Ein Hochgebirgssee (Vorderer Finstertaler See, K htai, Tirol) als Modell des Energietransportes durch ein limnisches Oekosystem, Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 65:47-56, from p
- J. Sarvala, Paarjarven energiatalous, Luonnon Tutkija 78:181-190, from p. 185.
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 383 (1930).
- V. I. Osmolovskaya, Geographical distribution of raptors in Kazakhstan plains and their importance for pest control, Tr. Acad. Sci. USSR Inst. Geogr. 41:5-77 (1948). (In Russian.)
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Insecta preys on:
Helianthus
Agropyron
Stipa
Salix petiolaris
Salix longifolia
Corylus
Populus
Pyrola
Cornus
Aralia
Prunus
Amelanchier
Symphoricarpos
Pryola
herbs
total litter
fungi
fruit
canopy--leaves
flowers
leaves and trunks
roots
detritus
phytoplankton
periphyton
shrubs
grass
herb
Chironomidae
Pandanus
Lepironia
Insecta
tundra vegetation
berries
Spartina glabra
Spartina patena
algae
bacteria
Rotifera
Moina
Diaptomus
Cyclops
Asplanchna
mangrove leaves
Orchelimum vulgare
Based on studies in:
USA: California (Marine)
Polynesia (Reef)
USA: Arizona (Forest, Montane)
Canada: Manitoba (Grassland)
England: Oxfordshire, Wytham Wood (Forest)
Malaysia (Rainforest)
USA: Florida, Everglades (Estuarine)
Mexico: Guerrero (Coastal)
USA: Florida, South Florida (Swamp)
USA: Iowa, Mississippi River (River)
Scotland (Lake or pond)
USA: Massachusetts, Cape Ann (Marine)
Africa, Lake McIlwaine (Lake or pond)
unknown (Temporary pool)
Russia (Tundra)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico.
- L. D. Harris and G. B. Bowman, Vertebrate predator subsystem. In: Grasslands, Systems Analysis and Man, A. I. Breymeyer and G. M. Van Dyne, Eds. (International Biological Programme Series, no. 19, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1980), pp. 591-
- A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico. Cent. Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mex. Publ. Espec. 2:1-306 (1978).
- D. I. Rasmussen, Biotic communities of Kaibab Plateau, Arizona, Ecol. Monogr. 11(3):228-275, from p. 261 (1941).
- C. A. Carlson, Summer bottom fauna of the Mississippi River, above Dam 19, Keokuk, Iowa, Ecology 49(1):162-168, from p. 167 (1968).
- N. C. Morgan and D. S. McLusky, A summary of the Loch Leven IBP results in relation to lake management and future research, Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Series B 74:407-416, from p. 408 (1972).
- T. Mizuno and J. I. Furtado, Food chain. In: Tasek Bera, J. I. Furtado and S. Mori, Eds. (Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, 1982), pp. 357-359, from p. 358.
- R. W. Dexter, The marine communities of a tidal inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: a study in bio-ecology, Ecol. Monogr. 17:263-294, from p. 287 (1947).
- R. W. Dexter, The marine communities of a tidal inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: a study in bio-ecology, Ecol. Monogr. 17:263-294, from p. 288 (1947).
- B. E. Marshall, The fish of Lake McIlwaine. In Lake McIlwaine: the eutrophication and recovery of a tropical man-made lake (J. A. Thornton, Ed.) Vol 49 Monographia Biologicae, D. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 156-188, from p. 180 (1982).
- S. H. Hurlbert, M. S. Mulla, and H. R. Willson, Effects of an organophosphorus insecticide on the phytoplankton, zooplankton, and insect populations of freshwater ponds, Ecol. Monog. 42(1):269-299, from p. 293 (1972).
- W. E. Odum and E. J. Heald, The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community, In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, Biology and the Estuarine System, Academic Press, New York, pp. 265-286, from p. 281 (1975).
- G. C. Varley, The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. In: Animal Populations in Relation to Their Food Resources, A. Watson, Ed. (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, England, 1970), pp. 389-401, from p. 389.
- J. L. Harrison, The distribution of feeding habits among animals in a tropical rain forest, J. Anim. Ecol. 31:53-63, from p. 61 (1962).
- W. A. Niering, Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands, Ecol. Monogr. 33(2):131-160, from p. 157 (1963).
- R. F. Johnston, Predation by short-eared owls on a Salicornia salt marsh, Wilson Bull. 68(2):91-102, from p. 99 (1956).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 410 (1930).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 393 (1930).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 406 (1930).
- R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 383 (1930).
- V. I. Osmolovskaya, Geographical distribution of raptors in Kazakhstan plains and their importance for pest control, Tr. Acad. Sci. USSR Inst. Geogr. 41:5-77 (1948). (In Russian.)
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |